The Freethought Almanac
![]() ![]() Reviewing My Rants |
Every day is the anniversary of something. The Freethought Almanac offers 365 days to remember in the history of Freethought. It is a lively look at the people in the history of Freethought those who were Freethinkers themselves, and those who fought against Freethinkers as well as notable events in Freethought history. This collection of essays is not chronological; neither is it topical. But it includes a mix of personalities and events from many periods in history and many fields: education, science, philosophy, government, medicine, history, literature and psychology. This essay-a-day format encourages clicking through to sample by date, or looking for your favorite people, or simply journeying straight through from January 1 to December 31. Each essay has an important point to make about Freethought and the human condition. The unifying theme is that Enlightenment liberalism has been as much a boon to humanity as religions have been humanity's nemesis. Men and women who were indifferent, or outright opposed, to religion and priestcraft have made priceless contributions to the sum of human happiness sometimes at the cost of their own lives. The Freethought Almanac bridges the scholarly and the popular by concentrating on the personalities and events that educated lay readers are likely to be familiar with and interested in. Its aim is to convey a lively message about why the courage to doubt dogmatism has never been a danger to humanity, but rather a source of inspiration and innovation with tremendous tangible benefits for human health, welfare and moral advancement.
I am a broadcaster on FreethoughtRadio.com, where The Freethought Almanac was developed and where it was first heard. I have studied the history of religion and social progress as an independent scholar since 1978. I am an autodidact, not by any means an expert on the subject, but I know the experts. Some of my chief sources are A Rationalist Encyclopædia (1948) by Joseph McCabe (1867-1955, online version in production) and A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1895) by Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918), The Popes and Their Church by McCabe (1918/1953), and the Catholic Encyclopedia (1909/1967). Also consulted are more recent works, including 2000 Years of Disbelief (1996) by James A. Haught, specific biographies and many others. My complete Freethought Almanac will run to about 225,000 words, but what I have written so far, by date and subject, is listed below: |
Either God wants to abolish evil, and cannot; If he wants to, but cannot, he is impotent. But if God can abolish evil, and wants to, Epicurus
|
![]() January 1 Sir James George Frazer (1854) + Huldrych Zwingli (1484) January 2 Isaac Asimov (1920) January 3 Franz Valery-Marie Cumont (1868) + Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BCE) January 4 Fabian Society Founded (1884) January 5 Umberto Eco (1932) + Anabaptist Felix Manz Executed by "Baptism" (1527) January 6 Joan of Arc (1412) January 7 Heidi Fleiss Sent to Prison (1997): Religion v. Prostitution January 8 Thelma "Butterfly" McQueen (1911) January 9 Dave Matthews (1967) + Gypsy Rose Lee (1914) + Simone de Beauvoir (1908) January 10 Thomas Paine Publishes "Common Sense" (1776) January 11 William James (1842) January 12 Howard Stern (1954) January 13 Ernestine Rose (1810) January 14 A Day of Fasting and Penance (1997): Apologizing 300 Years Late for Witch Executions January 15 Molière (1622) January 16 The "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom" Becomes Law (1786) January 17 Benjamin Franklin (1706) January 18 Jacob Bronowski (1906) + Baron de Montesquieu (1689) January 19 Edgar Allen Poe (1809) + Auguste Comte (1798) + James Watt (1736) January 20 "Piltdown Man" Hoax Fossils Exposed (1953) January 21 Helen Hamilton Gardener (1853) January 22 August Strindberg (1849) + Lord Byron (1788) + Francis Bacon (1561) January 23 Stendhal (1783) + Boniface VIII Becomes Pope (1295) January 24 Frederick the Great (1712) + Emperor Hadrian (76 CE) January 25 Virginia Woolf (1882) January 25 W. Somerset Maugham (1874) + Robert Burns (1759) January 26 The Index of Prohibited Books (1564) January 27 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756) January 27 Sale of Indulgences Affirmed (1343) January 28 Sarah MacLachlan (1968) + Artur Rubinstein (1887) January 29 Thomas Paine (1737) January 30 Walter Savage Landor (1775) January 31 Irving Langmuir (1881) + Franz Schubert (1797) |
![]() February 1 Langston Hughes (1902) February 2 Ayn Rand (1905) February 2 James Joyce (1882) + Havelock Ellis (1859) February 3 February 4 February 5 The Great Aquarian Conjunction (1962): The Pseudoscience of Astrology February 5 Arthur Keith (1866) + Hiram Maxim (1840) February 6 Christopher Marlowe (1564) February 7 Charles Dickens (1812) February 7 Sinclair Lewis (1885) February 8 February 9 First Public Strip-tease (1893): Religion v. Nudity February 10 Bertolt Brecht (1898) + Charles Lamb (1775) February 11 Thomas Edison (1847) February 12 Charles Darwin (1809) February 12 Abraham Lincoln (1809) February 13 First U.S. Public School Founded (1635): Churches v. Education February 14 Teller (1948) February 15 Galileo (1564) February 15 Susan B. Anthony (1820) + Jeremy Bentham (1748) February 16 February 17 Giordano Bruno Burned for Heresy (1600) February 18 February 19 February 20 February 21 February 22 George Washington (1732) February 22 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788) February 23 W.E.B. Du Bois (1868) February 23 Christians and the Diocletian Persecution (303) February 24 February 25 February 26 Victor Hugo (1802) February 27 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807) + Ernest Renan (1823) February 28 Michel de Montaigne (1533) |
![]() March 1 William M. Gaines (1922) + William Dean Howells (1837) March 2 Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931) + Leo XIII (1810) March 3 Ira Glass (1959) March 4 March 5 Penn Jillette (1955) March 6 March 7 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 March 14 Albert Einstein (1879) March 15 March 16 James Madison (1751) March 17 March 18 Marilla Marks Ricker (1840) March 19 Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821) March 20 Henrik Ibsen (1828) March 21 March 22 The Butler Act v. Evolution (1925) March 23 March 24 Harry Houdini (1874) March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749) March 28 Maxim Gorki (1868) March 29 March 30 Churches v. Anesthesia (1842) March 31 René Descartes (1596) | |
![]() April 1 Milan Kundera (1929) + Abraham Maslow (1909) April 2 Émile Zola (1840) April 3 Marlon Brando (1924) + John Burroughs (1837) April 4 David Cross (1964) + Dorothea Dix (1802) April 5 Thomas Hobbes (1588) April 6 Joseph Smith Founds the Mormon Church (1830) April 7 April 8 Buddha (560 BCE) April 9 Tom Lehrer (1928) April 9 François Rabelais (d. 1553) April 10 ASPCA Founded (1866): Churches and Animal Cruelty April 11 Last Witchcraft Execution in Germany (1775): Churches and Witchcraft April 12 Mahavira (c560 BCE), Founder of Modern Jainism April 13 Thomas Jefferson (1743) April 14 First US Abolitionist Society Founded (1775): Churches and Slavery April 15 Leonardo da Vinci (1452) April 16 Anatole France (1844) April 17 Pope Benedict III (d. 858), Dark Ages April 18 Clarence Darrow (1857) April 19 Branch Davidian Conflagration, Waco (1993) April 20 Adolph Hitler (1889) April 20 Columbine Massacre (1999) April 21 Inherit the Wind Opens on Broadway (1955) April 22 "In God We Trust" on US Coins (1864) April 22 Jack Nicholson (1937) + Immanuel Kant (1724) April 23 Max Planck (1858) + Stephen A. Douglas (1813) + Joseph Turner (1775) + William Shakespeare (d. 1616) April 24 Library of Congress Established (1800): Churches and Libraries April 25 James Watson and Francis Crick Describe DNA (1953) April 26 Christopher Hitchens (1949) + Eugene Delacroix (1798) + Marcus Aurelius (121 CE) April 27 Ulysses S. Grant (1822) + Ferdinand Magellan (d. 1521) April 27 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759) April 28 Freemasonry Condemned by Pope Clement XII (1738) + Synod of Aachen (862): Churches v. Divorce April 29 Hugh of Cluny (1109): The Age of Chivalry April 30 George Washington Inaugurated (1789) |
![]() May 1 May Day General Strike (1866), Churches and Workers May 1 Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian (305 CE): Christian Persecutions May 2 Catherine II (the Great) of Russia (1729) May 3 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469) May 4 Thomas Henry Huxley (1825) + Horace Mann (1796) May 5 Karl Marx (1818) + John William Draper (1811) May 6 George Clooney (1961) + Sigmund Freud (1856) May 7 Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840) + Johannes Brahms (1833) + Robert Browning (1812) + David Hume (1711) May 8 Edward Gibbon (1737) May 9 The Pill Approved by FDA (1960): Churches v. Birth Control May 10 Nazi Book Burning in Germany (1933): Churches and Censorship May 11 Richard P. Feynman (1918) + Irving Berlin (1888) May 12 George Carlin (1937) + Katharine Hepburn (1907) + Florence Nightingale (1820) May 13 Pope Gregory XIII Elected (1572): Calendar Reform May 14 State of Israel Declared (1948): Christianity and Anti-Semitism May 15 National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) Formed (1869): Churches v. Votes for Women May 16 Studs Terkel (1912) + Rerum novarum Issued (1891): Churches and Workers May 17 Godspell opens on Broadway (1971) May 18 Bertrand Russell (1872) May 19 Anne Boleyn Executed for Adultery (1536): Churches and Adultery May 20 John Stuart Mill (1806) May 20 Honoré de Balzac (1799) May 21 Alexander Pope (1688) May 22 Richard Wagner (1813) May 23 Dante Alighieri (under Gemini, 1265) May 24 Nicolaus Copernicus (d. 1543) May 25 Sir Ian McKellen (1939) + W.P. Kinsella (1935) + Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803) May 25 Pope Gregory VII Hildebrand (d. 1085) May 26 Alse Young: Frst Witch Executed in the US (1647) May 27 Harlan Ellison (1934) May 28 Corliss Lamont (1902) May 29 Louise "Red Virgin" Michel (1830) May 30 Mikhail Bakunin (1814) May 31 Walt Whitman (1819) |
![]() June 1 Chicago World's Fair (1933): Churches v. Progress June 2 Donati's Comet Discovered (1858): Churches and Comets June 3 James Hutton (1726): Churches v. Geology June 4 19th Amendment Passed (1919): Churches v. Suffrage June 5 Adam Smith (1723) June 6 Alexander Pushkin (1799): Churches and Dueling June 7 Muhammad (d. 632), Islam June 8 Frank Lloyd Wright (1867) + Robert Schumann (1810) June 9 Baroness Bertha von Suttner (1843), Anti-war Activist June 10 Treaty with Tripoli (1797) June 11 Ben Jonson (1572) + Richard Strauss (1864) June 12 Wat Tyler's Rebellion (Peasants' Revolt) (1381) June 13 William Butler Yeats (1865) June 14 Flag Day (1777) June 14 "Under God" Added to Pledge of Allegiance (1954) June 15 Leo X Condemns Martin Luther (1520) June 16 Founding of (R)SPCA (1822): Churches and Animal Cruelty June 17 Last Witch Execution in Switzerland (1782) June 18 American Library Association Adopts "Library Bill of Rights" (1948) + Alphonse Laveran (1845) June 19 Salman Rushdie (1947) + José Rizal (1861) June 19 Blaise Pascal (1623) and Pascal's Wager June 20 Lord Baltimore's Charter (1632): Religious Toleration in Maryland June 21 Jean-Paul Sartre (1905) June 22 Galileo Recants Before the Inquisition (1633) June 22 Bill Blass (1922) + Julian Huxley (1887) June 23 Joss Whedon (1964) + The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (1858) June 24 Ambrose Bierce (1842) June 24 Sacerdotalis caelibatus (1967): Religion and Celibacy June 25 George Orwell (1903) June 26 Pearl S. Buck (1892) + Adolf Bastian (1826) June 27 Lafcadio Hearn (1850) + Augustus De Morgan (1806) June 28 Luigi Pirandello (1867) + Pierre Paul Broca (1824) June 28 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712) June 29 Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul (trad.) - Was Peter at Rome? June 29 Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul (trad.) - Founding the Papacy June 30 Pontifical Biblical Commission (1909): Genesis as History | |
![]() July 1 Charles Laughton (1899) + George Sand (1804) July 2 Nostradamus (d. 1566) July 3 Lamentabili sane (1907): Churches v. Scholarship July 4 Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807) + Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804) July 5 Salvation Army Founded (1865) July 6 Jan Hus Burned for Heresy (1415) July 7 Robert A. Heinlein (1907) July 8 American Psychological Association Organized (1892): Religion v. Psychology July 9 The Báb Executed (1850) July 10 John Calvin (1509) July 11 John Quincy Adams (1767) + Clement VII v. Henry VIII (1533), Excommunication July 12 Henry David Thoreau (1817) July 12 Public School Prayer (1995) + Günther Anders (1902) + William Osler (1849) July 13 The Third Secret of Fátima Revealed (1917) July 14 John Chancellor (1927) + James M. Whistler (1834) + Bastille Day (1789) July 15 The First Crusade Captures Jerusalem (1099), Then Kills Everyone July 16 Mary Baker Eddy and "Christian Science" (1821) + Muhammad's Hegira (622) July 17 Donald Sutherland (1934) + Phyllis Diller (1917) July 18 Papal Infallibility (1870) + William Makepeace Thackeray (1811) July 19 Christianizing the Indians (1649) July 20 The Movie Kiss (1910) + Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864) July 21 John T. Scopes Found Guilty of Teaching Science! (1925) July 21 Ernest Hemingway (1899) July 22 Gregor Mendel (1822) July 23 Alan Hale and Comet Hale-Bopp (1995) July 24 Simón Bolívar (1783) July 25 Guy de Chauliac (1368): Churches v. Medicine July 26 George Bernard Shaw (1856) July 27 Giosuè Carducci (1835) + Alexandre Dumas fils (1834) + Thomas Campbell (1777) July 28 Sir Karl Popper (1902) + Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (1804) July 29 Urban VIII (d. 1644) July 30 E. Haldeman-Julius (1889) July 31 Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur published (1485): The Age of Chivalry + Ignatius of Loyola (d. 1556) and the Jesuits |
![]() August 1 Marquis de Lamarck (1744) August 1 Herman Melville (1819) August 2 John Tyndall (1820) August 3 Rupert Brooke (1887) + Étienne Dolet (1724) August 4 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792) August 5 Guy de Maupassant (1850) August 6 Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809) August 7 The Virgin Mary (1555), Religion and Virginity August 7 James "The Amazing" Randi (1928) August 8 Quam singulari (1910): Christian Communion August 9 Sixtus IV (1471) August 10 Royal Observatory Opens (1675): Churches v. Astronomy August 11 Robert Green Ingersoll (1833) August 11 Alexander VI (1492) August 12 The Last Temptation of Christ Released (1988) August 13 Fidel Castro (1926) August 14 Russell Baker (1925) + John Galsworthy (1867) August 15 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769) August 16 Wilhelm Max Wundt (1832) August 17 Sean Penn (1960) + Bill Clinton's "Map Room Speech" (1998): Churches and Confession August 18 King of Siam's Eclipse (1868): Churches and Eclipses August 19 Gene Roddenberry (1921) August 20 H.P. Lovecraft (1890) + Bernardo O'Higgins (1778) August 21 Jules Michelet (1798) August 21 Bernard Becomes a Saint (1153): What Sainthood Means August 22 Ray Bradbury (1920) + Claude Debussy (1862) August 23 World Council of Churches Formed (1948): What is a Church? August 24 Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) August 25 Shroud of Turin (1978) August 26 Charles Richet (1850) + Robert Walpole (1676) August 26 Declaration of the Rights of Man (1751) August 27 Georg W.F. Hegel (1770) + Confucius (551 BCE) August 28 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749) August 29 John Locke (1632) August 30 Warren Buffet (1930) + Jacques-Louis David (1748) August 31 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821) + Théophile Gautier (1811) |
![]() September 1 Alan M. Dershowitz (1938) + August Forel (1848) September 2 The Great Fire of London (1666) September 3 Gregory I ("the Great") Becomes Pope (590) How Great Was He? September 4 Richard Wright (1908) September 5 The Reign of Terror (1793) and the Churches September 6 Jane Addams (1860) September 7 Queen Elizabeth I (1533) September 8 Pledge of Allegiance Published (1892) September 9 Cardinal Richelieu (1585) September 10 Stephen Jay Gould (1941) September 11 September 11 (2001) September 12 H.L. Mencken (1880) September 13 Roger Williams Banished (1635): Separation of Church and State September 14 Margaret Sanger (1879) September 15 President William Howard Taft (1857) September 16 Tomás de Torquemada (d. 1498) September 17 Marquis de Condorcet (1743) September 18 Roman Polanski (1933) September 19 Giles Corey (d. 1692): Churches and Torture September 20 Upton Sinclair (1878) September 21 H. G. Wells (1866) September 22 The Angel Moroni Appears to Joseph Smith (1827) September 23 Ani DiFranco (1970) September 24 Horace Walpole (1717) September 25 Bill of Rights Passed by the U.S. Congress (1789) September 26 Charles Bradlaugh (1833) September 27 Stephan Jenkins (1964) + Pope Paul III Approves the Jesuits (1540) September 28 Friedrich Engels (1820) September 29 Michael Servetus (1511) September 30 Johann Gutenberg (1452) and the Bible | |
![]() October 1 Annie Besant (1847) October 2 Sir Patrick Geddes (1854) + Sir William Ramsay (1852) + Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832) October 3 Gore Vidal (1925) October 4 Promise Keepers March on Washington (1997) October 5 Bob Geldof (1954) + J A Symonds (1840) + Denis Diderot (1713) October 6 William Tyndale (d. 1536) + Anwar Sadat (d. 1981) October 7 Cornell University Founded (1865) October 8 The Council of Chalcedon (451) and the Split Personality of Jesus October 9 John Lennon (1940) October 9 Temple of Apollo Dedicated (28 BCE): Christianity v. Paganism October 10 Giuseppe Verdi (1813) October 10 Fridtjof Nansen (1861) + Henry Cavendish (1731) October 11 Henry VIII (1521): Defender of the Faith October 12 Columbus Discovers the New World (1492) October 12 Jesus Christ Superstar opens on Broadway (1971) October 13 The Knights Templars Arrested (1307): Unlucky 13? October 13 Lenny Bruce (1925) + Rudolf Virchow (1821) October 14 Sun Myung Moon Released from Prison (1950): Moonies in America October 15 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917) + Friedrich Nietzsche (1844) October 16 Oscar Wilde (1854) October 17 Consecration of Chartres Cathedral (1260) October 18 George C. Scott (1927) + Henri Bergson (1859) October 19 Leigh Hunt (1784) + Sir Thomas Browne (1605) October 20 John Dewey (1859) October 21 Alfred Nobel (1833) October 22 The Great Disappointment (1844) October 23 James Ussher and the Creation (4004 BCE) October 24 Peace of Westphalia (1648) Religion and the Thirty Years War October 25 Georges Bizet (1838) + Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) October 26 François Mitterand (1916) + Georges Danton (1759) October 27 Niccolò Paganini (1782) + Desiderius Erasmus (1466) October 28 Bill Gates (1955) + Constantine the Great (312 CE) October 29 Cyrus the Great Conquers Babylon (539 BCE): The End of the Babylonian "Captivity" October 30 John Adams (1735) October 31 John Keats (1795) + Martin Luther's Reformation (1517) |
![]() November 1 Larry Flynt (1942) November 2 Burt Lancaster (1913) November 3 Sir Ludovic Kennedy (1919) + King Henry VIII and the First Act of Supremacy (1534): Joining Church and State November 4 Eden Phillpotts (1862) + Howard Carter and Ancient Egypt (1922) November 5 J.B.S. Haldane (1892) + Will Durant (1885) November 6 Mike Nichols (1931) + Cesare Lombroso (1835) November 6 Greg Graffin (1965) + Griff Rhys-Jones (1953) November 7 Albert Camus (1913) + Marie Curie (1867) November 7 Leon Trotsky (1879) November 8 Émile Combes and Church-State Separation (1904) + Edmund Halley (1656) November 9 Carl Sagan (1934) + Ivan Turgenev (1818) November 10 Richard Burton (1925) + Friedrich von Schiller (1759) November 11 Kurt Vonnegut Jr (1922) + Joseph McCabe (1867) November 12 Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815) November 13 Robert Louis Stevenson (1850) + St. Augustine (354) November 14 Jawaharlal Nehru (1889) + Charles Lyell (1797) November 15 William Pitt the Elder (1708) + Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) November 16 US Recognizes USSR (1933): Atheism and Communism November 17 Frailty Film Premiere (2001) November 18 Jim Jones and the People's Temple Suicide (1978) November 18 Pierre Bayle (1647) + The Biblical Flood (2347 BCE) November 19 Jodie Foster (1962) + Ted Turner (1938) November 19 Dick Cavett (1936) + Larry King (1933) November 20 Nadine Gordimer (1923) + Edward Westermarck (1862) + Thomas Chatterton (1752) November 21 Voltaire (1694) November 21 Björk (1965) November 22 George Eliot (1819) November 23 Blaise Pascal's Conversion (1654) November 24 Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632) November 25 Andrew Carnegie (1835) November 26 The First Thanksgiving (1621): A Secular Celebration + Charles M. Schulz (1922) November 27 The First Crusade (1095) November 28 Randy Newman (1943) + Sir Leslie Stephen (1832) November 29 Louis XVI Recognizes Protestants (1787): Religious Toleration November 30 Mark Twain (1835) |
![]() December 1 Woody Allen (1935) December 2 Hernando Cortes (d. 1547): Conquest and Christianity December 3 Joseph Conrad (1857) December 4 Samuel Butler (1835) + Thomas Carlyle (1795) December 5 Monty Python's Last Flying Circus (1974) + Martin Van Buren (1782) December 6 Thomas Edison's First Sound Recording (1877) + Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778) December 7 End of the Great Schism (1965) + Pietro Mascagni (1863) December 8 Diego Rivera (1886) + Björnstjerne Björnson (1832) December 8 Pius IX: Syllabus of Errors (1864) + Pius IX: Original Sin (1854) December 8 Baron D'Holbach (1723) December 9 John Malkovich (1953) + Peter Kropotkin (1842) December 9 Richard Carlile (1790) + John Milton (1608) December 10 Hugh M. Hefner and Playboy(1953) December 11 Hector Berlioz (1803) December 12 William Lloyd Garrison (1805) + Gustave Flaubert (1821) + Erasmus Darwin (1731) December 13 Heinrich Heine (1797) + Council of Trent (1545) December 14 Pierre Samuel Dupont (1739) + Sir John Oldcastle (d. 1417) and the Lollard Heresy December 15 Penn Educates Lawyers (1790): Christianity and Law + Cesare Beccaria (1738) December 16 George Santayana (1863) + Ludwig van Beethoven (1770) December 17 Saturnalia and Christmas December 18 Pius XII, Optatissima Pax (1947) and the Powerlessness of Prayer December 19 Richard Leakey (1944) + Charles Dickens and A Christmas Carol (1843) December 20 Uri Geller (1946) + Sidney Hook (1902) December 21 Frank Zappa (1940) December 22 Pope Leo XIII Proclaims a Jubilee (1885): What Is a Jubilee? December 23 Jean François Champollion (1790) December 24 Matthew Arnold (1822) December 25 Christmas Day (4 BCE?) December 25 Quentin Crisp (1908) + Clara Barton (1821) December 26 The Exorcist Released (1973) Exorcism December 27 Louis Pasteur (1822) December 28 Westminster Abbey Consecrated (1065): Apostates at the Abbey December 29 Murder of Thomas Becket (1170) December 30 The Vatican Recognizes Israel (1993) December 31 Andreas Vesalius (1514) |
Ronald Bruce Meyer is a freelance writer.
|