October 25
Georges Bizet (1838)
It was on this date, October 25, 1838, that French opera composer Alexandre César Léopold Bizet — know as Georges Bizet — was born in Paris. His parents home-schooled him in music and at the age of nine the precocious child was admitted to the Paris Conservatoire. There he studied under Gounod, Halévy and others, excelling as a pianist. Bizet composed his Symphony in C at age 17 and, in 1858, won the Prix de Rome, which allowed him three years of financial security to explore composition.
Bizet was never conspicuously successful during his short life. His most popular work is his 1875 opera, Carmen, which was based on an 1846 novel by Prosper Mérimée (an Atheist). He never got to enjoy Carmen's success: Bizet died just a few months following the opera's premiere, after the critics scorned it, at just 36, on 3 June 1875, in Bougival, France. Carmen's revival just five years later, and its enduring popularity since, proved the critics wrong.
Bizet's letters, published posthumously (1907), reveal that he emphatically rejected Christianity, and may have had no religious beliefs whatever. In one letter, he writes, "I have always read the ancient pagans with infinite pleasure while in Christian writers I find only system, egoism, intolerance, and a complete lack of artistic taste."
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Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400)
It was also on this date, October 25, 1400, that the first great poet in the English language, Geoffrey Chaucer, died at his home in London. His date of birth is unknown, though it is probably around 1340. Chaucer became a celebrated poet during his lifetime. His most famous work, The Canterbury Tales, is a clever use of a pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas Becket as a frame for poetic and prose tales. His lesser works show that Chaucer loved to explore courtly love and the human condition, thoroughly secular artistry, often with some digs at the church. It is the same with the Canterbury Tales: Chaucer satirizes priests, monks and nuns. For example, the Summoner, a church official, tells his story about a friar who is taken down to hell, but sees no friars. None? Hardly! His guide shows them living inside Satan's ass! The Pardoner tries to live a life of good works, which is a clever dig at the church: it was common knowledge that most clerics used their guaranteed income for a life of leisure. But such satire was common in writers of Chaucer's day. However, a thorough study by Thomas R. Lounsbury shows that Chaucer doubted immortality. Lounsbury remarks on a passage from "The Knight's Tale," "Can modern agnosticism point to a denial more emphatic than that made in the fourteenth century of the belief that there exists for us any assurance of the life beyond the grave?"* As time went on, Chaucer grew more "hostile" to the Church, as Lounsbury says, "in such a way that implies an utter disbelief in certain of its tenets."** What, then, of the "Prayer of Chaucer" or "Retractation" which closes the Canterbury Tales? If it is genuine (and that is seriously disputed), it proves only that Chaucer was a skeptic when he wrote the main work. If it is not genuine, his protestations that he hoped not to give offence may have been inserted to save Chaucer's neck from the hangman or his reputation for posterity. Either way, we must remember that Chaucer had been to Italy as an ambassador and witnessed for himself the widespread disbelief in immortality — as Dante testified almost a century before in Canto X of the Inferno. Nevertheless, Chaucer is the first literary figure buried in what is now called the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey. * Thomas Raynesford Lounsbury, Studies in Chaucer, 3 vols., 1892 (the quote is from vol. II, p. 514). Want to comment on this essay? Send me an e-mail!
** Ibid. vol. II, p. 520.
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