December 19

Richard Leakey (1944)

It was on this date, December 19, 1944, that Richard Erskine Leakey was born in Kenya to famous anthropologists, Louis and Mary Leakey. After developing an eye for wildlife photography, Leakey left high school and worked with a photographic safari company. At age 23 he made his own important hominid fossil find in Kenya. He was shortly appointed director of the National Museum of Kenya, and later director of the Kenya Wildlife Service.

In 1993 Leakey lost both lower legs in an airplane crash and the following year resigned from the Kenya Wildlife Service, but he remained active in political and environmental issues in Africa. As his half-dozen books demonstrate, Leakey is an evolutionist. Leakey wrote in his autobiography, One Life,

I myself do not believe in a god who has or had a human form and to whom I owe an existence. I believe it is man who created God in his image and not the other away around; also I see no reason to believe in life after death.*

* Richard E. Leakey, One Life: An Autobiography, 1984, p. 38.

Charles Dickens and
A Christmas Carol (1843)

It was also on this date, December 19, 1843, that British author Charles Dickens' immortal work, A Christmas Carol, was published in London. Unlike his novels, A Christmas Carol was not first serialized: in fact, Dickens wrote it quickly to get out of debt from a recent American tour and a poorly selling prior novel, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44).

Dickens himself believed in God and had a sentimental regard for Christianity, but thought its puritan strain was socially harmful. Social-moral reform was Dickens' chief message in A Christmas Carol. Scrooge is shamed into changing his narrow, grasping, capitalist ways — in a dream and through the agency of ghosts — by being shown for the first time their human cost.

What enraged the clerics of Dickens' day was not capitalist excess, but that Scrooge is reformed without the traditional Wise Men, stars, babes in mangers, and other accoutrements of the Christian nativity scenes preached from pulpits — that is, without priests. In fact, Dickens strongly criticized the joyless, dour Sunday laws. In 1836, he issued a pamphlet entitled Sunday under Three Heads: As it is; As Sabbath Bills would make it; As it might be,* opposing expansion of legal limitations on Sunday recreation. To Dickens the bills were an attempt by the upper classes to control the lives of the lower classes, but vested in religious piety.

Not only did he argue that Sunday was the only day that the poor and workers could enjoy leisure time, time the upper and middle classes enjoyed all week. Dickens also dramatized the debate in A Christmas Carol, with Scrooge arguing for the working class!

     I wonder you, of all the beings in the many worlds about us, should desire to cramp these people's opportunities of innocent enjoyment. ... You would deprive them of their means of dining every seventh day, often the only day on which they can be said to dine at all," said Scrooge. "Wouldn't you?"
     ... "You seek to close these places on the Seventh Day, ... Forgive me if I am wrong. It has been done in your name, or at least in that of your family," said Scrooge.
     "There are some upon this earth of yours," returned the Spirit, "who lay claim to know us, and who do their deeds of passion, pride, ill-will, hatred, envy, bigotry, and selfishness in our name, who are as strange to us and all our kith and kin, as if they had never lived. Remember that, and charge their doings on themselves, not us."**

* The full text of Sunday Under Three Heads can be found at this link.
** The full text of A Christmas Carol can be found at this link (among many others).

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